Paternity testing determines the biological relationship between a father and child. It provides conclusive evidence of paternity, helping to establish legal rights, responsibilities, and familial connections.

Maternity testing confirms the biological relationship between a mother and child. It is used to establish maternal identity in cases where there may be uncertainty or dispute.

Sibling testing compares the genetic profiles of individuals to determine whether they share one or both parents. It helps establish sibling relationships and can be used for legal, personal, or medical purposes.

Immigration DNA testing verifies biological relationships between family members for immigration purposes. It provides evidence of family ties required for visa applications, residency permits, or citizenship claims.

Grandparentage testing determines the likelihood of a grandparent-grandchild relationship based on genetic similarities. It can be used to confirm familial connections and inheritance rights.